Longfins are best measured on body size, the length from the snout to the start of the tail.
On average a common BN will reach breeding size (5-6cms) at about 10 months, but longfins are slower growing so would probably reach maturity later. As you say growth rate is affected by so many things you could never know the age of a fish just by looking at it, even fish kept under optimum conditions will grow at different rates.
If your looking for BN's reaching breeding size then your looking for bristles starting to grow on the males and females will starting to get gravid.